Many hydroelectric plants are
evaluated according to the turbine’s performance, and many tenders are won (or
lost…) for a 0,1% of efficiency. But how important is the efficiency in a
hydroelectric power plant?
Talking about large size hydroelectric
plants, performance is a crucial aspect, or possibly the only one. An efficiency
increase of just 0,1% in a 100MW turbine causes an increase in the annual
production at about 500 MWh / year, with a revenue increase of approximately $
25,000 / year and $ 500,000 over 20 years of operation. For this reason, in
large-scale hydropower plants advanced design solutions of the turbine are
preferred, in order to achieve the maximum efficiency.
On the other side, for small hydropower
plants, the achievement of the maximum efficiency is no longer aimed, since an
efficiency increase does not always justify the increased costs of design and
production of the turbine. With an efficiency increase of 0.1% in a 100 kW
turbine, the power plant production increases at about 5000 kWh / year, with a
revenue increase of about $ 25 / year and $ 500 over 20 years of operation. It
is hence obvious that the economic sustainability of the most complex design
and construction solutions for turbines is not justified by the achieved
revenues.
Moreover, another extremely important
aspect must be taken into account. Even disregarding the economic aspect (which
is not at all negligible) and adopting advanced design and construction
solutions, efficiency values comparable with those of large-scale hydropower plants
cannot be achieved anyway. The reason is related to internal machine losses and
to the so-called “scaling factor". Without going into details about fluid
mechanics and turbo-machinery design, it is possible to explain this concept in
a simplified way.
The hydraulic losses linked to the friction
strains between fluid and wet surfaces (impeller and volute), depend on the fluid
velocity and on the friction factor f (see the figure below - Moody diagram)
which in its turn depends on the characteristics of the flow field (laminar,
turbulent or fully developed turbulent expressed by the Reynolds number - Re in
the figure below), and on the relative roughness (ε / d in the figure below),
defined as the ratio between the absolute roughness of the wet surface ε and
the turbine diameter d. The roughness of the surface depends on the
manufacturing process, which does not significantly vary along with the machine
size. As a consequence, small machines are characterized by greater values of
the relative roughness ε / d and therefore by greater values of the friction factor
and of the linked hydraulic losses.
For this reason, in small size plants, advanced
design and construction solutions not only are unprofitable, but wouldn’t even allow
to achieve efficiency values comparable with those of large-scale plants. In literature some correlations have
been proposed for evaluating the variation in maximum achievable efficiency between
machines having different sizes, but these correlations should be applied with due
caution, taking into account the turbine geometry and expected characteristics
of the flow field inside the turbine.
HPP-Design considers all these aspects related to fluid mechanics and turbomachinery design. The obtained efficiency value can be used to calculate the plant production or to establish a baseline for the technical specifications of a tender, but does not replace the efficiency value provided and guaranteed by turbine manufacturers in the power plant construction phase. HPP-Design will give you a reasonable and accurate reference value to build your own project.
HPP-Design considers all these aspects related to fluid mechanics and turbomachinery design. The obtained efficiency value can be used to calculate the plant production or to establish a baseline for the technical specifications of a tender, but does not replace the efficiency value provided and guaranteed by turbine manufacturers in the power plant construction phase. HPP-Design will give you a reasonable and accurate reference value to build your own project.
For information, contact us or
send an email, you can also read our FAQ. HPP-Design develops day by day and
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Thanks to prof. Giovanna Cavazzini of
the University of Padua for her contribution.